{"object":[{"sourceId":{"label":"Source ID","value":"136"},"copyright":{"label":"Copyright","value":"The American Folk Art Museum believes this work to be in the public domain."},"creditline":{"label":"Credit Line","value":"Gift of Effie Thixton Arthur"},"endDate":{"label":"End Date","value":"1900"},"sortNumber":{"label":"Sort Number","value":"1963     3    1"},"invno":{"label":"Accession number","value":"1963.3.1"},"edition":{"label":"Photo Credit","value":"Photographer unidentified"},"medium":{"label":"Medium","value":"Paint on plaster of Paris"},"geographyPlaceregion":{"label":"Place/Region","value":["","",""]},"media":{"label":"Media","value":{"mediaURL":"https://collection.folkartmuseum.org/internal/media/dispatcher/425/full","mediaDepartment":"Object Photographs","mediaType":"Image","mediaId":"425"}},"title":{"label":"Title","value":"Chalkware (Seated cat)"},"geographyCity":{"value":["","",""]},"textEntriesWebsitedisplaytext":{"value":["Three-dimensional images cast of calcined gypsum, known today as chalkware, were produced in America as early as 1768, when stonecutter Henry Christian Geyer advertised plaster of Paris busts of famous public figures as well as \u201cAnimals such as Parrots, Cats, Dogs, Lions, Sheep, with a number of others too many to enumerate.\u201d By the middle of the nineteenth century, chalkware provided an inexpensive alternative to imported ornaments fashioned from porcelain, earthenware, and other materials for the rural consumers hungry for decorative objects for their homes. It was long believed that chalkware was made by Pennsylvania Germans because so many examples survived in eastern Pennsylvania, a region with a heavy Germanic population. However, it has since been established that nineteenth-century chalkware was made primarily by Italian immigrants living in urban areas, such as Philadelphia, New York, and Boston. Chalkware was distributed widely by itinerant \u201cimage peddlers,\u201d a fact that is reflected in Louisa May Alcott\u2019s Little Women (1868): Amy March, living in Concord about 1862, speaks of her \u201cmost precious plaster rabbit.\u201dChalkware was made by pouring a creamy mixture of plaster of Paris into a two- (or more) part negative mold, which was held together for casting. The mixture was swirled around to coat the interior of the mold, and the excess was removed. After the plaster of Paris air-dried, the mold was removed, revealing the resulting hollow, three-dimensional form. The final step was to sand the seams where the molded parts were joined and to paint the chalkware in tempera, watercolor, or oil-based paint. Few molds survive today because they themselves were made of the fragile plaster of Paris and frequently broke or lost the clarity of the impression and were discarded.Stacy C. Hollander, \"Seated Cat,\" in American Anthem: Masterworks from the American Folk Art Museum (New York: Harry N. Abrams in association with American Folk Art Museum, 2001), 346-47.","Chalkware","SCULPTURE"]},"bibliography":{"label":"Bibliography","value":"Treasures of Folk Art: Museum of American Folk Art"},"collections":{"label":"Collections","value":"Three Dimensional Works"},"geography":{"label":"Geography","value":["","",""]},"id":{"label":"Id","value":"152291"},"geographyState":{"value":["","",""]},"geographyCountry":{"value":["England","France","United States"]},"onview":{"label":"On View","value":"0"},"people":{"label":"Artist / Maker","value":{"displayOrder":"1","personRole":"Artist","personID":"103","content":"Artist unidentified"}},"classifications":{"label":"Classification(s)","value":"Sculpture"},"textEntries":{"label":"Text Entries","value":["Three-dimensional images cast of calcined gypsum, known today as chalkware, were produced in America as early as 1768, when stonecutter Henry Christian Geyer advertised plaster of Paris busts of famous public figures as well as \u201cAnimals such as Parrots, Cats, Dogs, Lions, Sheep, with a number of others too many to enumerate.\u201d By the middle of the nineteenth century, chalkware provided an inexpensive alternative to imported ornaments fashioned from porcelain, earthenware, and other materials for the rural consumers hungry for decorative objects for their homes. It was long believed that chalkware was made by Pennsylvania Germans because so many examples survived in eastern Pennsylvania, a region with a heavy Germanic population. However, it has since been established that nineteenth-century chalkware was made primarily by Italian immigrants living in urban areas, such as Philadelphia, New York, and Boston. Chalkware was distributed widely by itinerant \u201cimage peddlers,\u201d a fact that is reflected in Louisa May Alcott\u2019s Little Women (1868): Amy March, living in Concord about 1862, speaks of her \u201cmost precious plaster rabbit.\u201dChalkware was made by pouring a creamy mixture of plaster of Paris into a two- (or more) part negative mold, which was held together for casting. The mixture was swirled around to coat the interior of the mold, and the excess was removed. After the plaster of Paris air-dried, the mold was removed, revealing the resulting hollow, three-dimensional form. The final step was to sand the seams where the molded parts were joined and to paint the chalkware in tempera, watercolor, or oil-based paint. Few molds survive today because they themselves were made of the fragile plaster of Paris and frequently broke or lost the clarity of the impression and were discarded.Stacy C. Hollander, \"Seated Cat,\" in American Anthem: Masterworks from the American Folk Art Museum (New York: Harry N. Abrams in association with American Folk Art Museum, 2001), 346-47.","Chalkware","SCULPTURE"]},"beginDate":{"label":"Begin Date","value":"1850"},"displayDate":{"label":"Date","value":"1850\u20131900"},"exhibitions":{"label":"Exhibitions","value":[{"exhibitionDisplayDate":"Friday, September 18, 1964 - Sunday, December 13, 1964","exhibitionEndISODate":"1964-12-13","exhibitionID":"16","exhibitionISOBeginDate":"1964-09-18","exhibitionBeginDate":"1964","exhibitionTitle":"The American Image","exhibitionEndDate":"1964"},{"exhibitionDisplayDate":"Tuesday, January 27, 1970 - Friday, March 20, 1970","exhibitionEndISODate":"1970-03-20","exhibitionID":"392","exhibitionISOBeginDate":"1970-01-27","exhibitionBeginDate":"1970","exhibitionTitle":"American Folk Art","exhibitionEndDate":"1970"},{"exhibitionDisplayDate":"Thursday, July 11, 2002 - Sunday, January 5, 2003","exhibitionEndISODate":"2003-01-26","exhibitionID":"73","exhibitionISOBeginDate":"2002-07-11","exhibitionBeginDate":"2002","exhibitionTitle":"American Anthem","exhibitionEndDate":"2003"},{"exhibitionDisplayDate":"Saturday, July 18, 2015 - Sunday, September 27, 2015","exhibitionEndISODate":"2015-09-27","exhibitionID":"169","exhibitionISOBeginDate":"2015-07-18","exhibitionBeginDate":"2015","exhibitionTitle":"Folk Art and American Modernism","exhibitionEndDate":"2015"},{"exhibitionDisplayDate":"Saturday, May 23, 1998 - Sunday, August 9, 1998","exhibitionEndISODate":"1998-08-09","exhibitionID":"101","exhibitionISOBeginDate":"1998-05-23","exhibitionBeginDate":"1998","exhibitionTitle":"A Cast of Characters","exhibitionEndDate":"1998"},{"exhibitionDisplayDate":"1993\u20132001","exhibitionEndISODate":"2001-10","exhibitionID":"64","exhibitionISOBeginDate":"1993-10-05","exhibitionBeginDate":"1993","exhibitionTitle":"America's Heritage","exhibitionEndDate":"2001"},{"exhibitionDisplayDate":"Tuesday, April 18, 1978 - Sunday, June 11, 1978","exhibitionEndISODate":"1978-06-11","exhibitionID":"109","exhibitionISOBeginDate":"1978-04-18","exhibitionBeginDate":"1978","exhibitionTitle":"Selections from the Permanent Collection","exhibitionEndDate":"1978"},{"exhibitionDisplayDate":"Thursday, May 27, 1982 - Wednesday, September 1, 1982","exhibitionEndISODate":"1982-09-01","exhibitionID":"274","exhibitionISOBeginDate":"1982-05-27","exhibitionBeginDate":"1982","exhibitionTitle":"The Chalk Menagerie","exhibitionEndDate":"1982"},{"exhibitionDisplayDate":"Monday, January 12, 1976 - Friday, March 26, 1976","exhibitionEndISODate":"1976-03-26","exhibitionID":"316","exhibitionISOBeginDate":"1976-01-12","exhibitionBeginDate":"1976","exhibitionTitle":"American Cat-alogue","exhibitionEndDate":"1976"},{"exhibitionDisplayDate":"Wednesday, June 20, 2012 - Sunday, October 7, 2012","exhibitionEndISODate":"2012-10-07","exhibitionID":"151","exhibitionISOBeginDate":"2012-06-20","exhibitionBeginDate":"2012","exhibitionTitle":"COMPASS: Folk Art in Four Directions","exhibitionEndDate":"2012"},{"exhibitionDisplayDate":"Saturday, July 2, 2016 - Monday, September 19, 2016","exhibitionEndISODate":"2016-09-19","exhibitionID":"159","exhibitionISOBeginDate":"2016-07-02","exhibitionBeginDate":"2016","exhibitionTitle":"AMERICAN MADE","exhibitionEndDate":"2016"}]},"dimensions":{"label":"Dimensions","value":"15 5/8 x 8 3/4 x 10 1/8 \" (39.7 x 22.2 x 25.7 cm)"}}]}